Category: Uncategorised

While I was researching my article on the Wakashio last autumn, I spent an inspiring couple of hours chatting to Carl Jones about the background of Ile aux Aigrettes, and fodies in general. In the background of our Zoom call I could see Carl’s amazing room, which is FULL of books, prints, and wildlife memorabilia from his lifetime of working with some of the most endangered birds in the world. He showed me a Mauritius kestrel print, and mentioned in passing that Fody prints are out there, too.

I didn’t think about it much for months and months, but then a couple of weeks ago I was Googling for fody images, and one link took me to Wikimedia Commons. They have an engraving of a nest, which is pretty awesome:

But what I was really after was a colour print of adult birds. The Commons page reminded me that the original scientific name for the Mauritius fody was Ploceus erythrocephalus; the ploceus genera are weavers, ‘erythro’ means red, and ‘cephalus’ means head- the red-headed weaver. So I googled for prints tagged with that, and hit gold! There is an early 18th-century print of the species, painted by a prolific ornithologic artist called Francois Nicolas Martinet, possibly for a volume called ‘Ornithologie’ published in 1760 by Mathurin Jacques Brisson, though I’m speculating on the purpose of it. The original appears to be in the collections of the special collections of the University of Amsterdam, so I went in search of copies.

A site in the US has a matched set of six prints including the fody one, but it’s slightly beyond my price point even though it’s beautiful. Various google searches suggested that copies were available on AbeBooks which I’ve used before for secondhand books. A Spanish seller seemed to have dozens of Martinet prints, but either listed by number or with the species names in Spanish. However for once I was able to be patient, and I looked though page after page of their prints waiting and hoping. I think it was page 23 (ten on each page!) before I finally found it but when I did I YELLED in excitement and made my son jump out of his chair. They had the fody print and it was only about £7! It was in my basked and ordered within seconds.

It arrived a few weeks later, packaged well and rolled in a tube. Because of it’s antique look I put it into a (cheap IKEA) gilt frame, and I think it looks AMAZING:

I’m building quite a collection of fody artwork. The Martinet print sits alongside this incredibly detailed painting by an Tony Mayo who painted it for artistsforconservation.org, a site where all proceeds go towards conservation. Tom bought me this one for my birthday.

Last but not least in the collection (so far!) is this, which my sister commissioned for me a few years ago from an artist in the US called Amanda Holmes who specialises in bird paintings on patterned backgrounds.

The winter 2020 edition of the BES member’s magazine The Niche lands today!

This ridiculously handsome bird is Amarula, a male Mauritius Fody, who I photographed when I visited Mauritius and Ile Aux Aigrettes in November 2018.

In my post about this on Monday, I failed to mention the title of the article or why I chose it. It started out being called Island Trails, which is obviously relevant and is also the title of the semi-autobiographical semi-fictional Corfu memoir written by Theodore Stephanides, the mentor of Gerald Durrell during his stay on Corfu. But in the end I went for A Vanished Harmony, which is taken from the verse by William Beebe featured on Gerald Durrell’s memorial stone in the gardens of Les Augres Manor, at Jersey Zoo:

The beauty and genius of a work of art may be reconceived; though its first material expression be destroyed, a vanished harmony may yet again inspire the composer. But when the last individual of a race of living beings breathes no more, another heaven and another earth must pass before such a one can be again.

This title really seemed to fit with the theme of the article, which is about restoration and regeneration, and hopefully not the last individual of any race of living beings. Mauritius has lost enough already. But I was surprised about how optimistic I felt after writing the article. There really is some of that vanished harmony on Ile Aux Aigrettes right now, regardless of the Wakashio disaster, and it is beautiful and precious.

Back in July of this year, the cape-sized bulk carrier MV Wakashio ran aground on a reef just off Mahébourg, on the south-east coast of Mauritius and a couple of kilometres from Ile Aux Aigrettes where my fodies live. I won’t re-hash all of the details here, but suffice to say that it was (and continues to be) a devastating situation which has the potential to set back the Ile Aux Aigrettes restoration by decades, with knock-on effects on the conservation work that happens there. 2020 is the year that keeps on giving.

I have all of the data I need for my thesis, so nothing that happens on Ile Aux Aigrettes now will impact on my PhD. But I love Mauritius and that islet deeply, and in the days and weeks that followed I lived on news sites, reading countless updates and opinion pieces about what had happened and why. Two things struck me. Firstly the lack of consideration that oil can affect terrestrial systems as well as marine; obviously coral reefs, mangroves and marine organisms are a huge concern in any spill, but toxicity effects are seen on land, and in terrestrial species, as well. And secondly, that many people, even some who should have known better, don’t know the difference between a fody in Mauritius, and an actual Mauritius Fody.

This may seem like the utmost in pedantry, but scientists tend to be pedants. The way I see it, is that there’s little difference in raising awareness if you raise awareness of the wrong species, and many if not most of these news reports featured photos of the wrong fody. There are two fody species found in Mauritius; the most widespread is the invasive and common Madagascar Fody, Foudia madagascariensis; not native to Mauritius and potentially damaging to the endemic Mauritius Fody Foudia rubra through competition and interbreeding. The Mauritius version is endangered, and very very difficult to spot on mainland Mauritius as they are only found within the Black River Gorges National Park.

Which is why Ile Aux Aigrettes is so important- it hosts nearly 400 Mauritius fodies, the only functional population; and seeing pictures of the shore of the islet coated in oil was awful. Prompted by these badly written and factually incorrect articles showing the wrong bird, I had the idea to write my own. It would be factual about the Wakashio situation but also deliberately and carefully a love letter to Ile Aux Aigrettes; to the islet itself, and also to fodies, and the conservation work happening there, and the people doing that work. For the most part, the article came together very quickly, and some sections arrived almost fully formed in my head, barely seeming to need writing at all:

“Ile Aux Aigrettes now is a tiny slice of paradise, full of birds, reptiles and plants that are difficult or impossible to find anywhere else in the world. The coral rock of which the islet is formed is porous, and the sea moves beneath you, providing an acoustic backdrop even when you are some distance from shore. As you walk along the trails, gigantic tortoises doze in the undergrowth like flatulent boulders; you spot pink pigeons sitting smug in the canopy and Mauritius olive white-eyes preening in pairs; but the most conspicuous bird is a small, brightly handsome green and orange species, which buzzes past your face, chases between the trees, and constantly chatters and sings all around you.”

The Mauritian Wildlife Foundation were hugely helpful to me in writing it, especially Vikash Tatayah who gave me a lot of background on IAA and the work that’s happened there; and of course Carl Jones who was happy for me to grill him over Zoom and who gave me insights into his future plans and dreams for the Mauritius islets.

But I’m getting ahead of myself. I had a plan for the shape of the article but no idea what I was going to do with it, until one weekend the autumn edition of The Niche, the magazine for members of the British Ecological Society, arrived. In it there were contact details for the editor, saying that article suggestions were welcomed. So, with permission from Vikash and MWF, I emailed the editor, outlining my research, the background of IAA, fodies, and the Wakashio, and asking if an article about it all would be of interest. She replied within 24 hours saying, basically- “Yes, 3000 word feature please, can you finish it in a month in time for the next edition?”. So I got to work to finish what I’d actually already started.

The first draft was very well received by my supervisors, MWF and Carl; the editor suggested only minor style changes and a bit more background information. I could have carried on picking at it more or less indefinitely, but deadlines are useful for forcing you to stop doing that! Being able to submit my own photos of fodies was a huge thing for me too; MWF provided me with a couple of the oil, but the rest that The Niche are using are my own, that I took in Mauritius while I was there. And about ten days ago, I got some even better news; my article is the cover story and one of my favourite photos of a male fody is being used as the cover photo.

• 

The magazine comes out on Wednesday, and I’m not allowed to post the cover until then. But I will be back on Wednesday with the cover, and a PDF of the article itself. I am very proud of it. The prompt for this whole thing happening is awful; but more photos of fodies in the world, and awareness of (the correct species of) fody, are both very good things. I am excited to see what the world thinks of it.

It’s been an interesting few months, globally and personally, and I haven’t had the time for this blog that I would have liked. But things are settling down (personally), at least for now, so it’s time for an update.

When Covid-19 hit the UK in March, I was in the process of writing up my first analytical chapter (of three), and was in early planning for the second. The write up was a really challenging process; I’ve written it as a paper for submission, and as with many other stages of this doctorate, I hadn’t done that before so it was a real challenge. It is nearly done now, and I’m very proud of it. We have some really interesting and new Fody behaviour to analyse and present and I think I have succeeded in communicating that. Pretty soon it will be ready to submit, and then I might see my name and my science in print. More on that later.

Leo’s school closed in March; and suddenly I became a homeschool teacher, on top of everything else. Tom had been working from home for a couple of weeks, and his employers are very flexible, so we-organised the day. He started work at 8; I homeschooled for the morning and then made lunch. At 1, Tom stopped work for a 2-hour lunch break and took over looking after Leo and I shut myself away and did PhD for two hours. At 3 we swapped back again- Tom went back to work and I took over with Leo and whatever remaining schoolwork we had to do that day. Two hours a day is not tons, for doing a doctorate, and I did (briefly) consider suspending until Leo was back at school. But in the end I was very glad that I didn’t, as it turns out that two hours a day actually works really, really well for me and I’ve made a huge amount of progress, both in terms of the thesis chapter and my own scientific development and knowledge.

My first chapter was about quantifying reproductive behaviour of the Fody, which eventually we unified under a single metric of ‘non-breeding time’, which is simply a total of the available days in each breeding season that each bird is not engaged in breeding behaviour. The results showed that birds able to minimise their non-breeding time had greater fledgling productivity than their peers who waste more time. The second chapter considers variation in this metric; some birds have very little non-breeding time (and lots of fledglings) and others have a lot (and fewer fledglings). There are many, many potential reasons for this, and we looked at two different types of factor. The first affect all birds equally; population density, sex ratios, and environmental and climate factors. The second are individual and affect birds differently; age, territory quality, and social network. I’m still collating the results, but it’s nearly ready to be written up, and some of the results are fascinating. More on that when it’s complete.

I have learned a whole host of new statistical methods in R to build a picture of how these seasonal and individual factors play into non-breeding time and reproductive success. My data is nested; I have multiple observations of the same individuals across seasons, and variance partitioning tells me whether non-breeding time varies more across seasons or between individuals. Repeatability analysis compares each bird’s performance against the seasonal mean, and tells us if birds are generally good or generally poor across years or whether there’s random scatter. And, my new favourite, global modelling followed by dredging and model averaging tells me which of the many factors we included are most significant in influencing each bird’s non-breeding time.

There’s a lot of detective work in this sort of science, and a lot of working out what the correct questions are; a lot of the answers are very simple, but working out the proper questions takes time and a lot of jumping through hoops. Luckily my supervisory team are excellent, and willing to take time to work out how I work and learn most effectively. As a result of their patience, and a lot of hard work, I’m still on track to finish this chapter and move on to the last one right on schedule, which is incredible. This last few months have been very tough at times, but the science hasn’t stopped.

Being a scientist, or even working towards being a scientist, changes the way you think. It does for me, anyway. For example, I’m currently reading (and loving) The Priory of the Orange Tree by Samantha Shannon.

• 

My favourite type of book- long meaty fantasy that starts with a map, female characters who DO things, lots of action. Dragons. Awesome.

Near the start there’s a throwaway comment about a bird, the peach-faced mimic, which is described as mating for life, and which recognises it’s mate by song. I love details like that in stories. But, that raises so many questions! OK, I grant that this is niche; my research is about mating systems. But I still want to know:

1. Does the female use any extra-pair copulation, like great tits do?
2. Is the genetic mating system the same as the social mating system? Some birds appear to be monogamous but genetic research shows that they really aren’t!
3. Do environmental conditions change this? What about other constraints on breeding activity? Would the males try to be polygynous if they could, like my fodies?

Important questions!

In summary, thinking about things like a scientist changes your appreciation of many different types of media. It’s still a great book, though. Go read it.

Yesterday I did a talk for the Science in Reading group; a bit last-minute as their planned speaker pulled out on Monday, so there was a panicked tweet sent out asking for any female speakers available on Wednesday. Initially I didn’t think I could because I’d need a babysitter; but I managed to make it work so I agreed to help out.

Twitter- you have been amazing at helping out today with my panicked search for a speaker- THANK YOU ALL And particular thank you to @snorkel_maiden for stepping up and helping out! pic.twitter.com/IY4euoZLJG

— KT Cooper (@Cooper_KT) September 30, 2019

I had most of the content I needed anyway so it only took a couple of hours to put together a talk, and in the end I think it went really well. I enjoyed it anyway, even though I had to use a microphone for the first time!

• 

Next week is Biology Week and I’m doing my usual Skype sessions with schools via ZSL. I really enjoy these; much like science group talks I never know what questions are coming up, and I like having to think on my feet and trying to answer clearly. It’s a very different skill to talking to an academic, but equally valuable.

And they're off! The first set of speakers are on their boxes! @snorkel_maiden is up first with a talk about the Mauritius Fody! @OfficialZSL pic.twitter.com/G3Z6Q72BZx

— ZSL Science (@ZSLScience) May 25, 2019

On Saturday we all headed to London for my stint at SoapBox Science. It was the perfect day for it- sunny and bright but not too hot. We got to Observation Point at around 1:15 and I checked in with the team and got my station set up; I was on first and it was breezy enough for me to be very grateful we’d brought tape to stick the Great Eggspectations game boards down onto the table.

People were milling around all the time, and as soon as I was at my table with everything set up, they began approaching me even though it was before 2pm- I think because we had the great idea of putting my mini-egg cakes out on the table. I had spent most of Friday making 48 of them!

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

So I started playing the game with people a while before the official start time. There are pictures of the game board and instructions in my previous post. After a little while I realised that I could explain the game to kids and at the same time talk in more detail about the science to their parents; this allowed more discussions to happen and I got some insightful and interesting questions from adults and kids. The hour went so quickly, and I had really useful help throughout from Eleanor Stewart from Imperial who had volunteered to help out.

I’m almost sad it’s over- I had a blast planning for it and doing it, and I really hope I can find a way of using Great Eggspectations again, as I think it worked as intended and showed the people who played how complex it can be for birds to fledge a nest. So many times people got to four out of the five butterflies they needed to win, and then drew bad weather or a predator, and there was lots of laughter when cyclones happened.

We've had a great day here at the #SouthBank listening to the experts from @SoapboxScience, a big Thank You to everyone who got involved. If you missed it, or just want to find out more about the other events around the country, visit https://t.co/BsQSQcCK5u pic.twitter.com/3jNCW2fzRR

— ZSL (@OfficialZSL) May 25, 2019

Because of how the game worked I didn’t end up actually standing on my soapbox the entire time, but Tom got a photo of me on it at the end. Fabulous day out and I really recommend finding a SoapBox near you and going along to hear about the science that is happening in your area.

As I started preparing for SoapBox Science, I knew I had to choose just one aspect of my PhD to discuss, for my own sake- so that I can keep on topic on the day and not gabble at people too much. A neat good news / bad news aspect of my current analyses is how the environment is determining how my Mauritius Fodies breed, and how it’s (probably) changing their breeding behaviour, so that was an easy choice to make.

During the excellent training and introduction session at London Zoo I had the idea developing a game with chocolate nest cakes with mini chocolate eggs as the prize. I’ve spent many hours since then perfecting a game that I have, with CONSIDERABLE imagination, called Great Eggspectations. It’s possibly the world’s only game designed to illustrate environmental limitations on bird breeding, though I realise that niche is small.

Mauritius Fodies are insectivorous, and so to successfully fledge a nest they need to gather insects. In the game insects are represented by small wooden butterflies which you draw (without looking!) from a tub. The game progresses as follows:

• If you collect five butterflies you fledge a nest and win a chocolate nest cake! However there are many perils along the way.
• A lot of Fody nesting attempts are ended by predation, so if you draw a dragon you lose all your current butterflies and must start again.
• Many birds, fodies included, don’t like to forage in the rain; so if you draw a raincloud with a rainbow you miss a turn.

There are increasing threats to nests from unpredictable and changing weather patterns and cyclones, which can devastate large areas of ecosystem overnight. So, if you draw a heavy raincloud, all players lose their current butterflies and must start again.

All of this is within a time, set by an egg timer (!!), which represents the available length of the breeding season, which is where the good news comes in. The majority of the world’s Mauritius Fodies, and my entire study population, live on a tiny offshore islet reserve called Ile Aux Aigrettes. The habitat here is different to the mainland where they lived previously, with more of the year being suitable for breeding. The Fodies are making the most of this by cramming as many nests as they can into each season. Some breeding seasons last for more than a calendar year before they take a break. This has played a part in the recovery of the Fody from Critically Endangered to Endangered, and the Mauritian Wildlife Foundation are working hard to get the species downgraded further. Reduced pressure on the breeding time available will be represented in the game by a longer time set on the egg timer for some rounds, although of course the other limitations of predation and unpredictable weather still apply.

The Fodies are making things even more interesting by practicing polygyny, where a male has more than one nesting attempt at the same time, with different females. So I might try to incorporate this into the game by getting people to team up and drawing twice each go instead of once; males that are polygynous raise more fledglings than those who remain monogamous.

This process has been a fascinating learning tool for me to try to condense some complex ideas (that I don’t even fully understand myself yet) into bite-size chunks that I can easily communicate to others. My son Leo and his friends Emily and Charlotte (aged 6-8) have had fun recently testing Great Eggspectations for me, and there was laughter and lots of questions, so I’m feeling fairly confident that it will work on the day. They weren’t even being bribed by winning chocolate at the end!

Please come along to SoapBox Science London, on the Southbank, on the 25^th May, and play Great Eggspectations for yourself and see if you can win a cake!

Earlier this year I was thrilled to be asked to be part of SoapBox Science, a great event going into it’s 9th year, showcasing nearly 1000 female scientists worldwide who all seek to inspire people and increase visibility of female scientists by talking about their research directly to the public. So, on May 25th, I’m going to be literally standing on a soapbox on the Southbank of London, talking to anyone who will listen about Fodies and how awesome they are!

I attended a training programme last Friday about developing ideas for the day and what to expect, and one of the really useful things that we did was try to summarise our talks using only the 1000 most common words in English. This is what I came up with:
“There are less animals. We are making things worse. More rain and more warm air means less baby flying things. But a long year means more baby flying things! How do we know? And how can we help?”

I will be on my soapbox for an hour, sometime between 2 and 5pm. I’m going to split my talk into two sections; I want to cover intrinsic and extrinsic limitations on Fody reproductive output, and how changing environments can negatively and positively impact on bird species.

The first section will be something about climate change and climate unpredictability; I haven’t yet worked out how I’m going to use props for this, but I will talk about synchronicity in nesting efforts by Fodies and how unpredictable and changing climates are really bad for them.

The second part will be more optimistic; I’ll talk about the long breeding season that the Fodies have on Ile Aux Aigrettes, and how the environment determines the number of nests that the birds can fit into each season. I’m going to illustrate this with a little game based around chocolate Shredded Wheat* nests and Mini Eggs**, where people have to gather resources to a certain level before they are allowed to lay*** a nest within a breeding season of a particular time. I might even use an EGG TIMER (get it??) to time attempts, and then show how more time in a breeding season means more time to gather resources and make nests.

These ideas are still very much in development, but I’m having a lot of fun thinking about how to demonstrate these ideas and I am so thrilled in general to be part of events like these. Science is totally accessible, but kids need role models; if even one girl looks at me while I talk too fast at her about my science, and thinks that one day she could talk too fast at people about her science too, then I’ll count it as a success.

*Other wheat cereals are available.
**Other sugar coated chocolate eggs are available.
***Eat